What a keto calculator is actually working out
Four numbers, in a specific order, and the order is the part most tools get
wrong.
A ketogenic diet is defined by one thing: eating little enough
carbohydrate that your liver starts producing ketone bodies in quantity.
Everything else follows from that. So the sum begins with calories, fixes
carbohydrate as a hard gram limit, sets protein from your lean mass, and
lets fat take whatever is left over.
Read that back and notice what is missing. Nowhere did anyone decide the
diet should be 75% fat. That figure is a result, and it moves
depending on your size, your goal and how big a deficit you are running.
When a calculator opens by declaring 75/20/5 and works backwards to grams,
it produces carbohydrate targets that scale with bodyweight, which is
nonsense: ketosis responds to the absolute grams you eat, not to the
fraction of your plate they represent.
A worked example of the problem. Take a 5% carbohydrate
rule. A 55 kg woman eating 1,500 calories gets 19 g of carbs and lands in
ketosis. A 110 kg man eating 3,000 gets 38 g and may well not. Same rule,
opposite outcomes, and neither of them was ever asked what they wanted.
The three numbers, ranked by how much they matter
1. Net carbs. This one is a wall.
Below roughly 50 g a day, and reliably below 20 g, your liver runs out of
glucose to distribute and starts converting fatty acids into ketone bodies.
Blood beta-hydroxybutyrate crossing 0.5 mmol/L is the
accepted definition of nutritional ketosis, and most people get there on
day two to four. This is the only number in the whole plan that behaves
like a genuine threshold. Miss it and you are on a low-carb diet, which is
a perfectly good diet, but it is not the one you came for.
2. Protein. Chase this one upwards.
Keto's inherited wisdom is moderate protein, on the grounds that surplus
amino acids get converted to glucose and knock you out of ketosis. The
mechanism is real but the direction of causation is not: gluconeogenesis is
demand-driven, your liver produces the glucose your body requests rather
than manufacturing more because supply turned up. What is real is
arithmetic. Carbs are capped and calories are fixed, so every gram of
protein you add is a gram of fat you have to remove. Protein and fat are
competing for one budget, and this calculator shows you when the fight
is getting tight.
3. Fat. This one is a remainder.
Fat fills the gap, which makes it a ceiling with a floor underneath rather
than a target to hit. Eating fat is not what causes ketosis; not eating
carbohydrate is. If you come in a little under on a day you were not
hungry, you have simply run a slightly larger deficit, and if the goal is
fat loss that is not a problem. This is where the butter-in-coffee era went
wrong: people treated a remainder as a quota and added several hundred
uncounted calories a day to hit it.
Why your fat percentage will read lower than 75%
If you are eating in a deficit, your calculated split will probably come
out somewhere around 60 to 68% fat rather than the textbook 75%. Nothing is
broken. The textbook figure describes someone eating at maintenance, where
every calorie arrives on a plate.
In a deficit, part of your fuel comes off your own body, and body fat is
pure fat. Someone eating 1,800 calories at 62% fat with a 600 calorie
deficit is actually running on 2,400 calories of fuel, of which
1,716 are fat. That is 71%. Their metabolism has no idea
which fat arrived by fork. This calculator shows you both figures, because
the dietary one is what you shop for and the effective one is what your
liver responds to.
Net carbs on a food label
Net carbs are the carbohydrate your body can actually use. How you read
that off a packet depends on where the packet was printed, and most keto
advice online assumes American labelling without saying so.
UK and EU labelling defines carbohydrate as the part that is actually
metabolised. Fibre sits beneath it as of which fibre and is not
counted in the headline number. So when a keto blog tells you to subtract
fibre from total carbs, and you do that to a Sainsbury's label, you are
subtracting fibre that was never in there in the first place.
Sugar alcohols are the messier case. Erythritol is essentially not
metabolised and can be discounted; maltitol raises blood glucose enough
that discounting it will get you into trouble. Polyols appear inside the
carbohydrate figure, so if a product leans on maltitol, count it.
The first two weeks, without the mythology
Your muscles and liver store carbohydrate as glycogen, and glycogen is
stored wet: roughly three grams of water for every gram of glycogen. Stop
eating carbohydrate and that entire parcel is released over about a week.
For most adults it is one and a half to three kilos.
This produces the single most predictable emotional arc in dieting. Week
one is spectacular. Week two looks like a stall. Neither is true. The rate
you see from week three onwards is the real one, and it was always the real
one. It also means the weight comes straight back the first time you eat a
proper plate of pasta, which is not a relapse, it is a tank refilling.
The honest comparison. When trials match calories and
protein, ketogenic diets do not produce more fat loss than other diets.
The advantage keto genuinely has is appetite: most people eat less on it
without trying, and a deficit you can actually hold beats a theoretically
superior one you abandon in March. That is a real benefit. It is just not
a metabolic one, and anyone telling you carbohydrate itself makes you fat
is selling something.
Keto flu is a salt problem
Headache, fatigue, cramp, fog and a short fuse, usually days two to seven.
It is not your body detoxing from sugar. When insulin falls, your kidneys
stop retaining sodium and begin excreting it, and potassium follows. The
symptoms are those of mild dehydration and low sodium, because that is what
they are.
The clinical group with the most published ketogenic practice puts the
targets at 3,000 to 5,000 mg of sodium a day, which is
around 8 to 12 g of table salt, alongside 3,000 to 4,700 mg of potassium
and 300 to 500 mg of magnesium. Those figures sit well above general
population advice, deliberately, because the general population is not
running on low insulin. Salt your food properly, drink a mug of stock in
the afternoon of day two, and most of week one simply does not happen.
One exception worth taking seriously: if you have high blood pressure,
heart failure or kidney disease, do not adopt a 5,000 mg sodium target from
a website. Ask your doctor what your number should be.
Methodology
There is no reviewer byline on this page, because inventing a doctor to put
a photograph next to would be worth less than showing the working. Here is
every equation the calculator uses and where it comes from.
What this calculator cannot tell you
- Whether you personally will hold ketosis at 30 or 40 g.
Nobody can predict that. It depends on muscle mass, training volume and
adaptation. Only a blood ketone meter answers it.
- Your true maintenance calories. Any equation plus an
activity multiplier will be a few hundred calories out. Eat to the number
for three weeks, track your average weekly weight, and correct from what
actually happened. That correction beats every formula on this page.
- Whether keto is the right diet for you. It is very good
at controlling appetite and very awkward around social eating, endurance
training and vegetarian cooking. The best diet is the one still running in
six months.
- How your medication will respond. This is the one that
can genuinely hurt you. SGLT2 inhibitors combined with very low
carbohydrate have produced ketoacidosis while blood glucose looked
normal, and insulin or sulfonylurea doses usually need reducing within
days of cutting carbs. Speak to your doctor or diabetes team first.